SPEAKING

I always wondered how speaking technique can be learn or taught. To make sure I in the correct direction, i decided to wikipedia it. I glad i found what i want and a better understanding of it today.

Here is what WIKI told me:

Speaking is tool to assist the identification and labeling of components of linguistic interaction that was driven by his view that, in order to speak a language correctly, one needs not only to learn its vocabulary and grammar, but also the context in which words are used.

S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G (for setting and scene, participants, ends, acts sequence, key, instrumentality, norms, & genre) under which Dell Hymes grouped the sixteen components within eight divisions.

The model had sixteen components that can be applied to many sorts of discourse: message form; message content; setting; scene; speaker/sender; addressor; hearer/receiver/audience; addressee; purposes (outcomes); purposes (goals); key; channels; forms of speech; norms of interaction; norms of interpretation; and genres.

The 8 Divisions

1. Setting and Scene

Setting refers to the time and place of a speech act and, in general, to the physical circumstances". Scene is the "psychological setting" or "cultural definition" of a scene, including characteristics such as range of formality and sense of play or seriousness.

Eg: The family story may be told at a reunion celebrating the grandparents' anniversary. At times, the family would be festive and playful; at other times, serious and commemorative.

2. Participants

Speaker and audience. The audience can be distinguished as addressees and other hearers.

Eg: At the family reunion, an aunt might tell a story to the young female relatives, but males, although not addressed, might also hear the narrative.

3. Ends

Purposes/ objective, goals, and outcomes 

Eg: The aunt may tell a story about the grandmother to entertain the audience, teach the young women, and honor the grandmother.

4. Act Sequence

Form and order of the event.

Eg: The aunt's story might begin as a response to a toast to the grandmother. The story's plot and development would have a sequence structured by the aunt. Possibly there would be a collaborative interruption during the telling. Finally, the group might applaud the tale and move onto another subject or activity.

5. Key

Clues that establish the "tone, manner, or spirit" of the speech act

Eg: The aunt might imitate the grandmother's voice and gestures in a playful way, or she might address the group in a serious voice emphasizing the sincerity and respect of the praise the story expresses.

6. Instrumentalities

Forms and styles of speech. This is very close to point no. 5 but actually there a different.

Eg: The aunt might speak in a casual register with many dialect features or might use a more formal register and careful grammatically "standard" forms.

7. Norms

Social rules governing the event and the participants' actions and reactions. ( Reaction depend on the situation/ atmosphere? )

Eg:  In a playful story by the aunt, the norms might allow many audience interruptions and collaboration, or possibly those interruptions might be limited to participation by older females. A serious, formal story by the aunt might call for attention to her and no interruptions as norms.

8. Genre

The kind of speech act or event - the kind of story

Eg:  The aunt might tell a character anecdote about the grandmother for entertainment, or an exemplum as moral instruction. Different disciplines develop terms for kinds of speech acts, and speech communities sometimes have their own terms for types